Genus: Spinosaurus STROMER, 1915
Etymology: Latin, spina, “spine” and Greek, sauros, “lizard”:
"Spine lizard."
= Sigilmassasaurus RUSSELL, 1996 (synonymized by Smyth, Ibrahim & Martill, 2020)
Etymology: In reference to the ancient city of Sigilmasa, former capital of
the Tafilalt and a former center of commerce in the western Sahara, and Greek, sauros, “lizard”: Sigilmasa lizard.
Species: aegyptiacus STROMER, 1915
Etymology: In reference to the country it was found, Egypt.
Holotype: BSP 1912 VII 19 (IPHG 1912 VIII 19) (Destroyed during WWII).
Locality: 3 km north of the Gebel el Dist in the basin of Baharija Oasis, Egypt.
Horizon: Baharija Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: ?Early Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowemrost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material: Dentary with teeth, cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal vertebrae, ribs.
Two verisons of a short skull.
Two versions of a longer skull. The bottom is after a new undescribed skull.
Stegosaurus aegyptiacus compsite from SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026: A) fused nasals of UCRC PV14.15.192; B) skull.
Three possible skeletal reconstructions.
Possible bending of the back (George Olshevsky).
IBRAHIM, SERENO, DAL SASSO, MAGANUCO, FABBRI, MARTILL, ZOUHRI, MYHRVOLD, & IURINO, 2014
Neotype: FSAC-KK 11888
Locality: Spinosaurus site, near Zrigat (also spelled Zrigat), South-east facing escarpemnt fringing the Aferdou Zrigat (Ikhf n Taqmout) plateau, an isoalted mesa of the more extensive Jbel Al Marka Plateau, northern margin of the Tafilalt Basin, Errachidia Province, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material: Neural spine, left ilium, right manual II-1 phalanx, left femur, right tibia, and right pedal ungual.
Note: New material as per IBRAHIM, MAGANUCO, DAL SASSO, FABBRI, AUDITORE, BINDELLINI, MARTILL, ZOUHIR, MATTARELLI, UNWIN, WIEMANN, BONADONNA,AMANE, JAKUBCZAK, JOGER, LAUDER 7 PIERCE, 2020: Fragments of cranium and mandibles, several previously missing bones of the left ad right pes, and mostimportantly, most of the caudal vertebrae.
Referred material:
BENYOUCEF, CAVIN, MEBARKI, ADACI & BENSALAH, 2015
Locality: Kenasada and Nenaguir, Guir Basin, Algeria.
Horizon: Kem Kem beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
UTL25-MN1-12: 79 teeth.
UTL25-KD1-1: 2 teeth.
GOEDERT, AMIOT, BOUDAD, BUFFETAUT, FOUREL, GODEFROIT, KUSUHASHI, SUTEETHORN, TONG, WATABE, & lECUYER, 2016
Locality: Khetitila Shrira, Morocco.
Horizon: Ifezounae Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
Mca: Tooth.
HENDRICKX, MATEUS, & BUFFETAUT, 2016
Locality: Kem Kem area, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
Morphotype I
MHNM.KK375, KK377, MSNM V6896: 6 quadrates.
Locality: Jorf (Tafilalt), northwest of Erfound, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
Morphhotype I
MHNM.KK374: Quadrate (found in reddish iron-rich sandstones).
MHNM KK 378: 2 quadrates (found in ironless layers of white to yellow sandstones).
= cf. Spinosaurus aegyptiacus LAKIN & LONGRICH, 2019
Locality: Near Begaa, Er Rachidia, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds, Ifezouane Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Material:
FASC-KK-18118: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
FSAC-KK-7280: A cervical vertebra.
MAGANUCO & DAL SASSO, 2018
Locality: A few kilometers south of Erfound, between the villages of Taouz and Begaa, Errachidia Province, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
MSNM V6894: Pedal ungual phalanx of a juvenile.
= Spinosaurus cf. aegyptiacus BUFFETAUT, 1989
Locality: Near the town of Taouz, at the base of a vast plateau known as the Hammada du Guir, Morocco.
Horizon: Continental Red Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Upper Albian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Uppermost Early Cretaceous Epoch or Lower Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
IMGP 969-3: Tooth.
IMGP 969-1: Fragmentary right maxilla.
= Spinosaurus cf. aegyptiacus BUFFETAUT & OUAJA, 2002
Locality: Jebel Miteur, Tataouine Governorate, Southern Tunisia.
Horizon: Chenini Sandstones.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Late Albian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Material:
ONM BM 231: Rostral part of left dentary containing 4 alveoli.
Locality: Kem Kem, east of the town of Taouz, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
AZUMA, 2005
FPDM-V7011: Cast of a new undescribed skull.
Number: Not given: Dorsal vertebra.
IBRAHIM, SERENO, DAL SASSO, MAGANUCO, FABBRI, MARTILL, ZOUHRI, MYHRVOLD, & IURINO, 2014
UCRC PV601: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
CA30: Mid cuadal vertebrta.
UCRC VP5: Anterior caudal vertebra.
= Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis RUSSELL, 1996
Etymology: Latin, brevis, "short" and Latin, collum, "neck": The species name alludes to the shortness of the cervical vertebrae.Holotype: NMC 41857
Locality: Kem Kem area (‘Gres rouges infracenomaniens’), probably close to the town of Touaz, Tafilalt, Morocco.
Horizon: Ifezouane or Aoufous Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Material: First dorsal vertebrae (not a Cervical vertebrae, EVERS, RAUHUT, MILNER, McFEETERS, & ALLAIN, 2015).
Referred material:
NMC 41790, 41774, 41856: Cervical vertebrae.
NMC 41858, 41850, 50428, 50402, 41776, 50407, 50800, 41772, 41851: Dorsal vertebrae.
NMC 41854, 41775, 41853, 41855: Caudal vertebrae.
EVERS, RAUHUT, MILNER, McFEETERS, & ALLAIN, 2015
BSPG 2006 I 53: Fragmentary posterior cervical vertebra. BSPG 2006 I 56: Posterior cervical vertebra.
BSPG 2006 I 54: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
BSPG 2006 I 55: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
BSPG 2011 I 115: Posterior cervical vertebra.
BSPG 2011 I 116: Posterior cervical vertebra.
BSPG 2011 I 117, 118: Mid-cervical centra.
BSPG 2013 I 95: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
NHUMK PV R 16427: Mid-cervical arch.
NHMUK PV R 16434: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
NHMUK PV R 16435: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
NHMUK PV R 16436: Anterior dorsal vertebra.
LACERDA, ISASMENDI, DELCOURT, FERNANDES & HUTCHINSON, 2024
NHUMK PV R 38358: Posterior cervical vertebra.
LAKIN & LONGRICH, 2019
Locality: Near Erfoud, Draa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco.
Horozon: Kem Kem Beds, Lower Member, Ifezouane Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Matrial:
FSAC-KK-18122: Posterior cervical vertebra.
The following is considered Sigilmassaurus cf. S. brevicollis by McFeeters, Ryan, Hinic-Frlog & Schröder-Adams, 2013
HENDRICKX, MATEUS, & BUFFETAUT, 2016
Locality: Jorf (Tafilalt), northwest of Erfound, Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
Morphotype 2
MHNM KK 376: quadrates (found in ironless layers of white to yellow sandstones).
= Sigilmassasaurus sp RUSSELL, 1996
Locality: ‘Gres rouges infracenomaniens”, Tafilalt, Morocco.
Horizon:
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Albian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Material:
NMC 41629: Posterior cervical centrum.
NMC 41862: Distal caudal vertebra.
= Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis BRUSATTE & SERENO, 2007
Locality: Iguidi, west of In Abangharit, Agadez District, N17°56', E5°37", Niger.
Horizon: Echkar Formation, Tegama Group (Series).
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Upper Gallic subepoch, Lowest Gulf Epoch, Late Early to Early Middle Cretaceous.
Material: Left maxilla.
Referred material:
MNN IGU11: Mid cervical centrum.
= Carcharodontosaurus saharicus BRUSSATTE & SERENO, 2007
Locality: Kem Kem region of southeastern Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
SGM-Din3: Anterior cervical vertebra.
SGM-Din4: Anterior cervical centrum.
SGM-Din5: Mid cervical vertebra.
= Spinosaurus maroccanus RUSSELL, 1996
Etymology: In reference to the “roysume du Maroc” (kingdom of Morocco).Holotype: NMC 50791
Locality: Taout, ‘Gres rouges infracenomaniens’, Tafilalt, Morocco.
Horizon: Tegane Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Albian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Material: Median cervical vertebrae.
Referred material:
NMC 50832, 50833: Dentary fragments.
NMC 41768, 50790: Median cervical vertebrae.
NMC 50813: Dorsal neural arch.
D'ANASTASIO & CAPASSO, 2004Del Museo di Storia delle Scienze Biomediche dell'Universita degli Studi "G. d'Annunzion, PP #481: Cervical vertebra with Osteoarthritis.
TAQUET & RUSSELL, 1998
Locality: Gara Samani, northwestern edge of Tademait, Algeria.
Horizon: Kem Kem beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Albian Stage, Middle Gallic Subepoch, Upper Early Cretaceous Epoch, Early Cretaceous.
Material:
MNHN SAM 124: Rostrum containing both premaxillae, maxillae, vomers and fragment of midshaft of right dentary.
MNHN SAM 125: Fragment of premaxilla.
MNHN SAM 126-127: Centra of 2 cervical vertebrae.
MNHN SAM 128: Neural arch of a dorsal vertebra.
Spinosaurus maroccanus (modified from TAQUET & RUSSELL, 1998), SAM 124
= S. cf aegypticus SERENO, DUTHEIL, IAROCHENE, LARSSON, LYON, MAGWENE, SIDOR, VARRICCHIO & WILSON, 1996Locality: Kem Kem region of southeastern Morocco.
Horizon: Kem Kem Beds.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
Ministere de l’Energie et des Mines, Rabat, Morocco: Jaw fragments and teeth.
Note: May belong to a new genus.ANONYMOUS, 2004
Number: Not given: Dentary.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Species: mirabilis SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026
Etymology: Latin, mirabilis, "astonishing"; in reference to the hypertrophied nasal-prefrontal crest.
Holotype: MNBH JEN1
Localitiy: Sirig Taghat (meaning "now water, no goat" in Tamasheq), Jenguebi area, Agadez Region, Republic of Niger.
Horizon: Farak Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Early to Middle Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material: Associated right premaxilla, both maxillae, teh base of the bottom half of the fused nsasl rest wiht portions of both prefrontals, teh alveolar edge of the right dentary, and 5 maxillary teeth in association with the maxilla.
Spinosaurus mirabilis MNBH JEN1 after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026: A) lateral and B) anterior views.
Skeletal reconstruction modified from SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026.
Spinosaurus mirabilis composite skull after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026; A) fused nasals MNBH JEN3; B) skull.
Spinosaurus mirabilis after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026; A-C) first dorsal centrum; A lateral, B, vental and C, posterior views; D) dorsal neural spine section with cross section MNBH JEN2; E) partial posterior dorsal vertebrae in left lateral view, MNBH JEN2; F-G) partial anterior caudal vertebrae in F, anterior and G, left lateral withs with cross ection MNBH JEN9; H-I) midcaudal centrum, H, anterior and I, left lateral views, MNBH IGU32.
Spinosaurus mirabilis after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026; A-D) anterior and fourth trochanter of the left femur; A, laterial, B, medial, C, anterior and D, posterior views; E-G) left tibia; E, midshaft cross-section; F, anterior and G, laterial views.
Referred material:
MNBH JEN2: Partial left maxilla, nasal crest, partial anterior-mid cervical and mid-posterior dorsal verteibrae, partial left ischium, partial proximal end of left femur.
MNBH JEN3: Nasal crest missin distal tip (in situ).
MNBH JEN3: Nasal crest missin distal tip (in situ).
MNBH JEN3: A) latral and B) anterior views.
MNBH JEN4: Partial right dentary, posterior caudal vertebrae, left tibia, and pedal phalanges (in situ).
MNBH JEN5: Left maxilla (in situ).
MNBH JEN6: Three isolated crowns (in situ).
MNBH JEN7: Isolated anterior dorsal vertebra (D3) preserving a parital centrum and base of the neural arch.
MNBH JEN8: Posterior dorsal centrum with base of spine (2 pieces).
MNBH JEN9: Anterior caudal vertebra with partial centrum and neural arch and distal end of a chevron.
Spinosaurus mirabilis after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026; A) MNBH JEN1 and B) MNBH JEN2 and MNBH JEN 3.
Spinosaurus mirabilis slender crested skull after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026; A) lateral view; B) anterior; C) leteral and D) anterior views.
Spinosaurus mirabilis robust form after SERENO, VIDAL, MYHRVOLD, JOHNSON-RANSOM, REAL, BAUMGART, FONTELA, GREEN, SAITA, ADAMOU, BOP, KEILLOR, FRITZGARLD, DUTHEIL, LAROCHE, DEMERS-POTVIN, SIMARRO, GASCO-LLUNA, LAZARO, GAMONAL, BEIGHTOL, RENELEAU, VAUTRIN, BERTOSSO, GRANADOS, KINNEY-BRODERICK, MALLON, LINDOSO & RAMEZANI, 2026; A) anterior; B) lateral; C) anterior and D) lateral views.
Localitiy: Iguidi fossil area, Agadez Region, Republic of Niger.
Horizon: Farak Formation.
Biostratigraphy:
Age: Early to Middle Cenomanian Stage, Uppermiddle Gallic Subepoch, Lowermost Gulf Epoch, Middle Cretaceous.
Material:
MNBH IGU11: Anterior dorsal centrum (D1)
MNBH IGU25: 2 articuladed anterior dorsal centra (D1, D2), with the base of teh neural arches attached.
MNBH IGU38: 50 isolated crowns.
MNBH IGU39: Mid caudal centrum and base of neural arch.
MNBH IGU40: Pedal proximal phalanx II-1.
