Genus: Zalmoxes WEISHAMPEL, JIANU, CSIKI & NORMAN, 2003
Etymology: Zalmoxes (alternative spelling of Zalmoxis) is said to have been the slave of Pythagoras who, upon being freed, traveled to Dacia (ancient Romania) and became a teacher, healer, vegetarian and high priest. He was later deified by the Dacians as a god of the Mystery, ecstasy, the underworld and immortality (Eliade, 1972). The relevance of the name for this dinosaur is its Dacian origin and the fact that the “subterranean crypt’ of this herbivore was originally opened and that (taxonomic) immortality then came from Nopcsa’s original work.
= Onychosaurus NOPCSA, 1902 (nomen dubium)
Etymology: Greek, onych- (onyx), claw, and Greek, sauros, lizard: Clawed lizard.

Species: robustus (NOPSCA, 1902) WEISHAMPEL, JIANU, CSIKI & NORMAN, 2003
Etymology: Latin, robustus, "robust, strong."
= Mochlodon robustum NOPSCA, 1902 (partim)
= Rhabdodon robustus NOPCSA, 1915 (partim)

Holotype: NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3392

Locality: Sanpetru, Hunedoara County, Romania.

Horizon: Sanpetru Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Upper Maastrichtian Stage, Upper Senonian Subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material: A right dentary.

Zalmoxes robustus Holotype NHMUK R3392 after CZEPINSKI & MADZIA, 2025: A) dorsal and B) right lateral view.

Referred material:

Locality: Szentpeterfalva, Hateg basin, Transylvania, Romania.

Horizon: Gosau Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Campanian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3395, 3397, FGGUB R. 1371, 1384, 1641: Maxillae.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3396: Nasal.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3398, FGGUB R.1373: Premaxilla.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3400: Frontals.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3401: Premaxilla, maxilla, quadrate, and dentary.
Note: Some elements formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL et al, 1993.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .3402, FGGUB R.1369, 1376, 1369, 1370, 1375, 1388, 1658: Squamosal.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .3408, 3409: Basicrani.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3809: Dorsal vertebrae, ribs, femur, humerus, tibiae, ischium and sacrum, epistorphues and vorpheus.
Note: Formerly referrd to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL et al, 1993.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3810: Right ischium, left ilium, humerus, scapulacoracoid, femora, tibiae, chevrons and caudal vertebrae.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3811: Femur, tibiae, and ischium

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3812: Caudal vertebrae, proximal end of humerus, fragment of scapula, rib fragments and distal end of a tibia.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3813: Epistropheus (axis), cervical vertebrae, sacrum, and ilia.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3814: Dorsal vertebrae, humerus, tibiae, left scapula, femur.

BMNH R 3814a: Ischium, ilium, humerus, femur, tibia, scapula, fragment of dorsal vertebrae, and sacrum.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3815: Ribs, dorsal vertebrae, squamosal and skull roof.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3816: Dorsal and caudal vertebrae, femur.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3817: Ischium and ilium.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .3819: Femur and tibia.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3821: Ribs, femur, tibia and fibula.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .3823: Tibia and fibula.

BMNH R.3828: Frontal.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et. al. 1993.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3838: Vertebrae and ilium.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 4873: Femur and tibia.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3389, 3393, 4888, FGGUB R.1012, 1276, 1283, 1445, 1450, 1644, MAFI Ob. 3066, 3067: Quadrates.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 4889: Cervical vertebrae, sacrum, ischium, ribs, vertebrae, and dentary.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 4901: Maxilla and ribs.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3394, 4907: Predentaries.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .4908: Maxillary teeth, postorbital, vertebrae, coracoid, phalanges, and tibia.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 4912: Left dentary.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 11134, FGGUB 1479, 1495-1406, 1650: Ribs.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 4877, 11142, MCDRD 1, 25-27, 32. 103-104, 106-108, 110-111, 113, 116-117, 119-120, 152, 155, 157-158, 176b-178, 180, 185, 188, ?262, 278, 304, 325, 387-389, 393, 428, ?682, 691, 712, 718, ?786, MAFI Ob. 3074, 3081-3084, v. 10340, v. 13501, UBB 15550-15551: Caudal vertebrae.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3829, 3833, 3834, 3835, 3839, 11140, MCDRD 2, 98, 242, 288, ?315, ?317, ?526, 750, FGGUB R.0012, 0014, 1001, 1002, 1277, 1300, 1366-1367, 1382, 1483, MAFI Ob. 3075, UBB 15546: Femur.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3836, 3840, 4872, 11127, 11129, 11130, 11132, 11136, 11137, 11139, MCDRD 3-4, ?17, 24, ?31, 206, 230, 233, 291, 314, ?422, 571, 667, 749, 833, FGGUB R.0008, 1169, 1364, 1454, 1468, 1690, 1711, MAFI Ob 3080, v. 10346, UBB 21347: Tibiae.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .3818, 4906, MCDRD 5, FGGUB R.0050: Sacrum.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3832, MCDRD 23, 194, 200, 202, ?418, 679, 816, FGGUB R.0006, 0019, 0027, 1013, 1390-1392, 1524, 1653, MAFI Ob. 3076-3078: Humerii.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 4876, MCDRD 54-56, 59, 73, 153-154, 179, 189, 213-215, 318, 324, 351, 354, 392, 412, 713, 729, 739, 818-819, 823, FGGUB 1186, MAFI Ob. 3085: Dorsal vertebrae.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3831, MCDRD 63, 465, 655-656, 745, 787, FGGUB R.1003, 1171, 1218, 1449: Scapulae.

MCDRD 68: Tibia and astragalus.

MCDRD 70: Femur.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et al, 1993.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3837, 4875, MCDRD 77, FGGUB R.0018: Ischium.

MCDRD 91, 191, 467, 484: Neural arches.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3406, 3827, MCDRD 219, 269, 310, 451, FGGUB R.1014, 1258, 1372, 1523, 1640, MAFI Ob.3068, 3071: Dentaries

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3820, 3822,.3824, 3830, 4905, 11122, 11141, MCDRD 264, 298, 336, 348, ?517, ?519, 574, 692, ?709, 746, FGGUB R.0036, 0043-0044, 0070, 0102, 0104, 0108, 0120, 1149, 1154, 1156, 1163, 1170, 1183, 1192, 1226, 1256, 1294, 1401-1403, 1506-1509, 1579, 1620-1624, 1669-1672, 1709-1710: Vertebrae.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 11133, MCDRD ?295, 375, FGGUB R.1196, 1365, 1385, 1619, 1651, 1689, 1713: Fibulae.

MCDRD 350: Dorsal vertebra with ribs.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3390, 3825, 4903, MCDRD 355, FGGUB R.1011, 1198, 1642-1643, MAFI Ob. 3069, 3070: Surangular.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .3404, 3826, 4902, MCDRD 374, 439, 449, 515, 545,627-628, 888, 1117-1118, FGGUB R.0106-0107, 1268, 1287, 1309-1313, 1316-1317, 1425, 1435, 1630, 1656, 1677-1678, 1680, MAFI Ob. 1944, 3073: Dentary teeth.

MCDRD ?397: Sacral vertebrae.

BMNH R.3403, MCDRD 438, 450, 489-490,49l, 511, 549, 553, 599, 629-630, 889, 1116, FGGUB R.0109-0110, 1306-1308, 1314-1315, 1371, 1426-1427, 1499, 1543-1545, 1593-1595, 1631, 1637-1638, 1659, 1673-1676, 16791686-1687, MAFI Ob.3072, v. 13502, v. 13527, 13531: Maxillary teeth.

MCDRD 472: ?Exoccipital.

MCDRD 500: ?Postorbital.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) .4874, MCDRD 741, FGGUB R.0025, UBB 15544: Ilia.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 11131, MCDRD 742: Ulna.

MCDRD 743, FGGUB R. 1275, 1368: Jugal.

MCDRD 747: ?Coracoid.

MCDRD 920, FGGUB R. 1077: Coracoid.

FGGUB R.0049, 0080: Parietals.

FGGUB R.1000: Humerus.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et al, 1993.

FGGUB R.1016-1021, 1027-1032: Vertebrae.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et al, 1993.

FGGUB R.1024: Sacrum.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et al, 1993.

FGGUB R.1025-1026: Sacral vertebrae.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et al, 1993.

FGGUB R. 1040: Scapula.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL, et al, 1993.

FGGUB R.1161-1162: Ischia.

FGGUB R.1374, 1618, 1657: Frontal.

FGGUB R.1376: Quadratojugal.

FGGUB R.1377: Fused dorsals.
Note: Pathological fused.

FGGUB R.1378: Phalanx.

FGGUB R.1383: Cervical vertebra.

FGGUB R.1387: Calcaneum.

FGGUB R.1389: Postorbital bar of a squamosal.

FGGUB R.1393-1394: Chevrons.

FGGUB R.1463, 1529: Supraoccipital.

FGGUB R.1480: Jugal process of postorbital.

FGGUB R.1537: Neural arch.

FGGUB R.1550: Postorbital process of squamosal.

FGGUB R.1591: Exoccipital.

FGGUB R.1608: Articulated femur, tibia and fibula.

FGGUB. R1616: Frontal and postorbital.

FGGUB R.1617: Parietal and supraoccipital.

FGGUB R.1629: Basioccipital.

FGGUB R.1632: Parietal.

FGGUB R.1636: Sacrum.

FGGUB R.1661: Jugal.

FGGUB R.1664: Chevron.

MAFI Ob. 3079: Femur.
Note: Formerly referred to Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus WEISHAMPEL et al, 1993.

MAFI Ob. 3096: Distal radius.

MAFI Ob. 3097: Pedal phalanx.

MAFI v. 13493: Caudal vertebrae and metatarsal.

MAFI v. 13510: Quadrate and surangular.

MAFI v. 13515: Maxillary and dentary teeth.

UBB 21351: Maxillary tooth and tibia.

UBB unnumbered: Sacroum, ilia, pubis and ischia.

 

CODREA, VREMIR, JIPA, GODEFROIT, CSIKI, SMITH & FARCAS, 2010

Locality: Vurpar, nar vintu de Jos, Alba County, Romania.

Horizon: Unnamed formation (‘Bozes strata’).

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Upper Maastrichtian Stage, Upper Senonian Subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

Number: Not given.

 

GROZA, 1983

Locality: Rapa Mocioconilor locality, Sinpetru, Hateg, Transylvania, Romania.

Horizon: Lower subunit, Sinpetru Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Early Maastrichtian Stage, Uppermost Senonian Subepoch, Uppermost Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

Number: Not given: Fragmentary maxilla, os patrat, cervical vertebra, dorsal vertebrae, tibia, ilium, phalange tarsal.

 

JIANU, MESZAROS & CODERA, 1997

Locality: Sinpetru locality, Hateg Basin, Hunedoara County, Romania.

Horizon:

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Maastrichtian Stage, Upper Senonian Subepoch, Upper Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

15544: Ilium.

15546: proximal end of a femur.

15550 (again): Caudal vertebra.

155511a-c: Caudal vertebrae.

21347: Tibia.

21351a: Tooth.

21351b: Tibia.

After Godefroit, Codrea, & Weishampel, 2009

 

= Onychosaurus hungaricus NOPCSA, 1902 (nomen dubium)
Etymology: In reference to the country Hungary, where the specimen was found.

Holotype: NHMUK R.3410, 3411

Locality: Szentpeterfalva, Hateg basin, Transylvania, Romania.

Horizon: Gosau Formation.

Biostratigraphy:

Age: Campanian Stage, Senonian Subepoch, Gulf Epoch, Late Cretaceous.

Material:

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3410: Predentary.

NHMUK R. (old BMNH) 3411: Right premaxilla.

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